高考英語閱讀理解推理判斷題的解題技巧

　　推理判斷題要求考生根據文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到的或者沒有明說的事實或者可能發生的事實。這類旨在考查考生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬深層理解題。此類試題的設計常常包括infer, imply, suggest, conclude等詞。這類題的設問方式主要有：

　　(1)We can infer from the passage that ______.

　　(2)What can be inferred from the passage?

　　(3)Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

　　(4)It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ______.

　　(5)The author suggest in this passage that ______.

　　(6)The writer implies that ______.

　　(7)It can be inferred that ______.

　　(8)It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

　　(9)On the whole, we can conclude that ______.

　　(10)From the text we can conclude that ______.

　　(11)After reading the passage we may conclude that ______.

　　(12)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

　　(13)The author is inclined to think that ______.

　　(14)When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that______.

　　(15)What’s the writer’s attitude towards…?

　　(16)What’s the author’s feeling towards…?

　　(17)In the writer’s opinion…

　　理解文段的隱含信息包括：推測作者或人物的觀點、態度、意圖、身份、情感，對作者或文段所涉及的人物、事件作出評價等，屬于深層理解，是語言學習者必須具備的交際能力之一。高考閱讀理解的大部分題目都屬于這一類型。要準確地理解文段的隱含信息，除了要熟練地掌握基本的語言知識，準確理解句子的字面意思外，還要求我們運用自己已有的知識、經驗，結合文段的相關的信息進行推理、判斷。下面結合實例來談談解答這類題目的方法。

　　We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floors.”

　　“Yes, I’m glad they’ve finally decided to clean them,” the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But aren’t you working late?”

　　Mum just pushed harder, each swipe(拖一下)of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.

　　After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you.”

　　Outside, Mum told me, “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”

　　“You saw her, Mum?”

　　“Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It’s a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush.”

　　1. When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was ______.

　　A. to clean the floor

　　B. to please the nurse

　　C. to see a patient

　　D. to surprise the story-teller

　　2. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?

　　A. It is a children’s hospital.

　　B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.

　　C. The conditions there aren’t very good.

　　D. The nurses and doctors there don’t work hard.

　　3. Which of the following words best describes Mum?

　　A. strange　　　　　   B. warm-hearted

　　C. clever　　　　　　  D. hard-working

　　1. 運用文段所敘述或描繪的事件背景提供的信息進行推理判斷

　　第1道題要求讀者判斷“媽媽”從一間小房間拿拖把的真正意圖是什么。應該說除了D選項與文段的信息完全無關外，其它三個選項相互間都有一定的干擾性，但只要我們注意到文段所敘述的事件的背景是在一家醫院，再結合文段末尾作者與母親之間的對話，就不難判斷該題的正確答案是C選項。因為就常識而言，人們去醫院的目的不外乎兩個：1. 就診；2. 探視病人。A選項展現的只是一種表面現象，不是“媽媽”拿拖把的“真正”目的；而“媽媽”去小房間拿拖把時是“輕輕地”走過去的，顯然，也不是為了“取悅”護士，所以A、B兩個選項都不符合文意。

　　2. 運用已有的經驗、經歷或常識進行推理判斷

　　上文的第2道題要求讀者判斷所給的四個選項中那一個符合醫院的實際情況。由于文段中沒有相關的信息支持A選項，因此，可以排除；C、D兩個選項與文段最后一段中“媽媽”說的“It’s a fine hospital”有矛盾，因此，也可以排除。文段的第一句提到“We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book”。根據常識我們知道，人們“輕輕地走”的原因無非存在兩種可能性：1. 保持安靜；2.避免被發現。聯系到“媽媽”是冒充清潔工進入病房的，探視“Dagmar”時又提起“hospital rules”，因此可以斷定“我們如此輕輕地走進去”的目的不是為了“保持安靜”，而是“避免”被護士發現，從而可以進一步推斷出“避免”被護士發現的原因是因為醫院對探視病人的時間有嚴格規定，所以B選項是正確的。

　　3. 緊扣主題或話題，避免掉入細節事實的陷阱

　　有些題目要求讀者根據文段的相關信息對文中人物的性格、心理狀況、心智或品質作出判斷，這時一定要扣緊文段的主題或話題，不要受一些細節事實的干擾。例如，上文的第3題實際上是要讀者判斷“媽媽”是一個什么樣的人。A、B兩個選項與文段提供的信息沒有任何聯系，可以排除。從文段中描繪的“媽媽”拿起拖把為醫院拖地這一細節事實來看，似乎可以用 warm-hearted 這個詞來形容她的品質。但是，只要記住文段主要敘述的是“‘媽媽’是如何在規定探望病人的時間之外進入病房探望Dagmar這一話題，就不難判斷“媽媽”拿拖把拖地的最終目的是什么，從而進一步得出結論：只有用 clever 這個詞描繪“媽媽”才最合適。

　　4. 注意文段中信息的科學性，運用已有的科學常識和學科知識進行推理判斷

　　Sam and Joe were astronauts. There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive. Sam and Joe, however, thought it would be exciting though a little dangerous. “We’re the best men for the job,” they said to the boss. “There may be problems, but we can find the answers.” “They’re the last people I’d trust,” thought the boss. “But all the other astronauts have refused to go.”

　　Once they were in space, Joe had to go outside to make some repairs. When the repairs were done, he tried to get back inside the spaceship. But the door was locked. He knocked but there was no answer. He knocked again, louder this time, and again no answer came. Then he hit the door as hard as he could and finally a voice said, “Who’s there?” “It’s me! Who else could it be?” shouted Joe. Sam let him in all right but you can imagine that Joe never asked to go on a trip with Sam again!

　　1. The writer tells this story to ______.

　　A. show the dangerous side of the astronauts’ life

　　B. show the funny side of the astronauts’ life

　　C. make people laugh

　　D. make people think

　　如果不從科學常識和學科知識的角度考慮，這四個選項都有一定的干擾性。但是有點文化和常識的人都知道，到目前為止有能力把人送入太空進行太空飛行，并且宇航員能離開飛行器進行太空行走的國家只有俄、美兩個國家，而他們對宇航員的選拔都是嚴格的國家行為，不可能出現像文中第1自然段所敘述的那種由某個老板來挑選宇航員的情況；此外，有點物理常識的人都知道，在太空是沒有空氣的，飛行器的門也是真空的，而聲音無法在真空中傳播，因此，在太空工作的宇航員是不可能用敲門的方式把他(們)要進入太空飛行器的信息傳達給艙內的人，所以，在第2自然段中描述的那種情況是不科學的。顯然，作者寫這篇文章的目的不過是為了搞笑而已，因此，C選項是正確的。

　　以上我們從四個方面分別討論了理解文章隱含信息的基本方法。但有時候題目的設計不一定這么層次分明，可能需要讀者同時從不同的角度對文段的信息進行綜合分析、判斷。例如該題，我們就可以從常識和學科知識兩方面綜合考慮文段信息的嚴肅性，從而進一步判斷作者的寫作目的。因此，應該在熟練掌握的基礎上靈活地運用這些方法。