每周一練：定語(yǔ)從句（三）

    "介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，是定語(yǔ)從句一種介詞前置的定語(yǔ)從句句型，介詞與關(guān)系代詞之間存在一種介賓關(guān)系。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前，即演變出"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"句型。例如：

　　 The man who/whom /that you spoke to is a teacher.

　　 =The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.

一、基本構(gòu)成

　　1."介詞+關(guān)系代詞"結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞只能用which（指物）或whom(指人) ，即：介詞+which/whom。

　  1）The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.

　　2）The city in which she lives is far away.

　　3）The little girl is reading a book,in which there are many cartoons.

　　注意：當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，用在介詞后的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

　　2.在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后時(shí)，可用that/which(指物)；that/who/whom（指人）作介詞的賓語(yǔ).且此處關(guān)系代詞可以省略，特別是在口語(yǔ)中。如：

　　1)  The man (who/whom /that )you spoke to is a teacher.

　　2）The city（which/that）she lives in is far away.

　　注：通常介詞放在定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞后，也可以放在關(guān)系代詞前面，但有些特殊動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)搭配不能拆分，介詞只能放在動(dòng)詞后，如： look for, look after, pay attention to ,take care of , look forward to, listen to等。

　　1）This is the pen that / which you are looking for.

　　2）The patient whom she is looking after is her father.

　　3）The words that /which we should pay attention to are written on the blackboard.

　　4）There are fifty patients who/whom/that we must take good care of.

二、關(guān)系副詞when，where，why可用"介詞＋which"來(lái)代替。關(guān)系副詞實(shí)際上是介詞＋先行詞。

　　其中

　　when=表時(shí)間的介詞（如：in，at,during等）+which；

　　Where=表地點(diǎn)的介詞（如：in，at,on,under等）+which；

　　Why=表原因的介詞（如：for）+which

　　1．當(dāng)先行詞表示時(shí)間，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)也可選用表示時(shí)間的介詞＋which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞when。

　　I still remember the day when I came here.    ( on the day =when)   

　　2．當(dāng)先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)也可選用表示地點(diǎn)的介詞＋which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞where。

　　This is the house where I lived last year.       ( in the house= where)

　　3．當(dāng)先行詞為reason，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少表示原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)也可以用for which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞why。

　  There are many reasons why people like traveling.(for the reasons=why)

三、關(guān)系代詞前介詞選擇三原則：一先，二動(dòng)，三意義（重中之重）

　　1. 一先，即根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中介詞與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。

　　    I never forget the day on which I came to this school. (on the day)

　　2. 二動(dòng)，即根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。

　　    This is the iPad on which I spent 3000 yuan.   (spend money on sth.)

　　3. 三意義，即根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的意義來(lái)確定介詞。

　　    This is my pair of glasses, __without which__I cannot see clearly.

　　注意：介詞+關(guān)系代詞

　　　　1）介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

　　　　2）that前不能有介詞。

　　3) 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when,where和why互換。

　　四、綜合練習(xí)

　 （一）根據(jù)句子意思，在第一個(gè)空白處填入介詞，在第二個(gè)填入關(guān)系代詞whom或which:

　　1. The person ________ ________ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.

　　2. The pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke.

　　3. Wu Dong, ________ ________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.

　　4. The two things _______ _______ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.

　　5. Her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found.

　 （二）用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空

　　1. The pencil ________ which he wrote was broken.

　　2. He built a telescope ________ which he could study the skies.

　　3. The woman, ________ whom I learned the news, is a nurse.

　　4. The wolf ________ which the sheep was killed was shot.

　　5. She has three children, all _______ whom are at school.

　　6. There is a tall tree outside, ________ which stands our teacher.

　　7. My glasses, _______ which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.

　　8. In the dark street, there wasn't a person ________ whom she could turn for help.

　　9. I was surprised at the way ________ which he treated the old man.

　　10. The age _______ which children can go to school is seven.

　　11. His bike ________ which he went to work was stolen last night.

　　12. Do you know the building ________ which is flying a red flag?

　　13. Ours is a beautiful school, ________ which we are proud.

　　14. The desk ________ which Jack is leaning is John's.

　　15. He bought a book yesterday, the author ________ which is a teacher.

　 （三）改錯(cuò)

　　1. Is this hospital that they want to visit next week?

　　2. Is this the museum the one some German friends visited the other day?

　　3. He has two sons, each of them looks like him.

　　4. He will never forget the days when he spent with the villagers.

　　5. Please tell us about the people and interesting things which you have seen in America.

　　6. The knife which she often uses it to cut the bread is very sharp.

　　7. Please pass me the book that cover is red.

　　8. The sun heats the earth, that is very important.

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